Technical translation
Technical translation is a type of specialized translation involving the translation of documents produced by technical writers (owner's manuals, user guides, etc.), or more specifically, texts which relate to technological subject areas or texts which deal with the practical application of scientific and technological information. While the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology[1]. Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology [2] and writing conventions.
The importance of consistent terminology in technical translation, for example in patents, as well as the highly formulaic and repetitive nature of technical writing makes computer-assisted translation using translation memories and terminology databases especially appropriate. In his book Technical Translation Jody Byrne argues that technical translation is closely related to technical communication and that it can benefit from research in this and other areas such as usability and cognitive psychology.
Fun with English Camp (Group 01)
12/28/2553
week 3
Learning log out class
Translation problems
General problems
Translation is inherently a difficult activity. Translators can face additional problems which make the process even more difficult, such as:
• Problems with the source text:
o Changes made to the text during the translation process
o Illegible text
o Misspelled or misprinted text
o Incomplete text
o Poorly written text
o Missing references in the text (for example the translator is to translate captions to missing photos)
o The source text contains a translation of a quotation that was originally made in the target language, and the original text is unavailable, making word-for-word quoting nearly impossible
o Obvious inaccuracies in the source text (for example "prehistoric Buddhist ruins", when Buddhism was not founded during prehistoric times)
• Language problems
o Dialect terms and neologisms
o Unexplained acronyms and abbreviations
o Obscure jargon
• Other
o Rhymes, puns and poetic meters
o Highly specific cultural references
o Subtle but important properties of language such as euphony or dissonance
Translation problems
General problems
Translation is inherently a difficult activity. Translators can face additional problems which make the process even more difficult, such as:
• Problems with the source text:
o Changes made to the text during the translation process
o Illegible text
o Misspelled or misprinted text
o Incomplete text
o Poorly written text
o Missing references in the text (for example the translator is to translate captions to missing photos)
o The source text contains a translation of a quotation that was originally made in the target language, and the original text is unavailable, making word-for-word quoting nearly impossible
o Obvious inaccuracies in the source text (for example "prehistoric Buddhist ruins", when Buddhism was not founded during prehistoric times)
• Language problems
o Dialect terms and neologisms
o Unexplained acronyms and abbreviations
o Obscure jargon
• Other
o Rhymes, puns and poetic meters
o Highly specific cultural references
o Subtle but important properties of language such as euphony or dissonance
week 2
Learning log out class
Translation process
The translation process, whether it be for translation or interpreting, can be described simply as:
1. Decoding the meaning of the source text, and
2. Re-encoding this meaning in the target language.
To decode the meaning of a text the translator must first identify its component "translation units", that is to say the segments of the text to be treated as a cognitive unit. A translation unit may be a word, a phrase or even one or more sentences. Behind this seemingly simple procedure lies a complex cognitive operation. To decode the complete meaning of the source text, the translator must consciously and methodically interpret and analyse all its features. This process requires thorough knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms and the like of the source language, as well as the culture of its speakers.
The translator needs the same in-depth knowledge to re-encode the meaning in the target language. In fact, often translators' knowledge of the target language is more important, and needs to be deeper, than their knowledge of the source language. For this reason, most translators translate into a language of which they are native speakers.
In addition, knowledge of the subject matter being discussed is essential.
In recent years studies in cognitive linguistics have been able to provide valuable insights into the cognitive process of translation.
Translation process
The translation process, whether it be for translation or interpreting, can be described simply as:
1. Decoding the meaning of the source text, and
2. Re-encoding this meaning in the target language.
To decode the meaning of a text the translator must first identify its component "translation units", that is to say the segments of the text to be treated as a cognitive unit. A translation unit may be a word, a phrase or even one or more sentences. Behind this seemingly simple procedure lies a complex cognitive operation. To decode the complete meaning of the source text, the translator must consciously and methodically interpret and analyse all its features. This process requires thorough knowledge of the grammar, semantics, syntax, idioms and the like of the source language, as well as the culture of its speakers.
The translator needs the same in-depth knowledge to re-encode the meaning in the target language. In fact, often translators' knowledge of the target language is more important, and needs to be deeper, than their knowledge of the source language. For this reason, most translators translate into a language of which they are native speakers.
In addition, knowledge of the subject matter being discussed is essential.
In recent years studies in cognitive linguistics have been able to provide valuable insights into the cognitive process of translation.
outclass
week 1
What is Translation?
Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language — the source text — and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text — the target text, or translation.
Traditionally, translation has been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerize the translation of natural-language texts — machine translation — or to use computers as an aid to translation — computer-assisted translation.
The goal of translation is to establish a relation of equivalence of intent between the source and target texts (that is to say, to ensure that both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraints include context, the rules of grammar of both languages, their writing conventions, their idioms, and the like.
What is Translation?
Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language — the source text — and the production, in another language, of a new, equivalent text — the target text, or translation.
Traditionally, translation has been a human activity, although attempts have been made to automate and computerize the translation of natural-language texts — machine translation — or to use computers as an aid to translation — computer-assisted translation.
The goal of translation is to establish a relation of equivalence of intent between the source and target texts (that is to say, to ensure that both texts communicate the same message), while taking into account a number of constraints. These constraints include context, the rules of grammar of both languages, their writing conventions, their idioms, and the like.
12/25/2553
เพลงคืนใจให้กัน
เกิดอะไรกับความรักเรา
สิ่งดีนี้ในวันเก่านานเข้าก็ยิ่งจืดจาง
เหมือนไม่แคร์กัน ฉันรู้สึกยังไงก็ช่าง
ลองถามหัวใจดูบ้าง ว่ายังรักกันอยู่มั้ย
นิ้วก้อยที่เคยเกี่ยวกันเสมอ
ดูซิดูเธอแกล้งทำเป็นถือข้าวของวุ่นวาย
ยามเดินด้วยกันก็เดินห่างฉันเหมือนไม่อยากใกล้
เธอทำให้ฉันเหมือนรู้สึกได้ ว่าคบฉันไปด้วยคำว่า ทน
*ถ้ารักกันไปแล้วฝืน ก็คืนหัวใจให้กัน
บอกสิ่งที่เธอต้องการออกมาสักหน
หากคิดว่าเราไม่ใช่ ก็อย่าอยู่ไปเพราะแคร์คำคน
หากรักเดินทางมาสุดถนน งั้นเราสองคนคงต้องเลิกกัน
**รอคำตอบที่เธอเก็บไว้
เมื่อพร้อมจะไปช่วยอธิบายกับฉัน
ตั้งแต่ตอนไหนที่หัวใจเธอเริ่มไม่มีกัน
ทุกอย่างเกิดขึ้นเพราะฉัน หรือเธอนั้นเป็นคนเปลี่ยนใจ
ตั้งแต่ตอนไหนที่หัวใจเธอเริ่มไม่มีกัน
ทุกอย่างเกิดขึ้นเพราะฉัน หรือเธอนั้น...เป็นคนเปลี่ยนใจ
Returned the heart come back
What happened with our love?
The thing's good old days, more time more decline
You as made as do not care. What I feel
Ask your heart. still with love's our or not
The little finger always hold together.
Look...! You molest made to be busy carry belongings.
when we walk together,walk away,like as not near stay.
You make me feel like you see with me stay with the word Durable.
* If love each other then forced return the heart come back.
Please tell thing that you want.
If you think that we are not, Do not live for people's word care
If end the trip of the love. So two of us would have to break up.
** Wait for an answer you kept.
When you are ready to go please explain to me
Since when did your heart starts not love.
This all started from me. Or did you changed mind.
Since when did your heart start not love
This all started from me .... Or did you changed mind.
สิ่งดีนี้ในวันเก่านานเข้าก็ยิ่งจืดจาง
เหมือนไม่แคร์กัน ฉันรู้สึกยังไงก็ช่าง
ลองถามหัวใจดูบ้าง ว่ายังรักกันอยู่มั้ย
นิ้วก้อยที่เคยเกี่ยวกันเสมอ
ดูซิดูเธอแกล้งทำเป็นถือข้าวของวุ่นวาย
ยามเดินด้วยกันก็เดินห่างฉันเหมือนไม่อยากใกล้
เธอทำให้ฉันเหมือนรู้สึกได้ ว่าคบฉันไปด้วยคำว่า ทน
*ถ้ารักกันไปแล้วฝืน ก็คืนหัวใจให้กัน
บอกสิ่งที่เธอต้องการออกมาสักหน
หากคิดว่าเราไม่ใช่ ก็อย่าอยู่ไปเพราะแคร์คำคน
หากรักเดินทางมาสุดถนน งั้นเราสองคนคงต้องเลิกกัน
**รอคำตอบที่เธอเก็บไว้
เมื่อพร้อมจะไปช่วยอธิบายกับฉัน
ตั้งแต่ตอนไหนที่หัวใจเธอเริ่มไม่มีกัน
ทุกอย่างเกิดขึ้นเพราะฉัน หรือเธอนั้นเป็นคนเปลี่ยนใจ
ตั้งแต่ตอนไหนที่หัวใจเธอเริ่มไม่มีกัน
ทุกอย่างเกิดขึ้นเพราะฉัน หรือเธอนั้น...เป็นคนเปลี่ยนใจ
Returned the heart come back
What happened with our love?
The thing's good old days, more time more decline
You as made as do not care. What I feel
Ask your heart. still with love's our or not
The little finger always hold together.
Look...! You molest made to be busy carry belongings.
when we walk together,walk away,like as not near stay.
You make me feel like you see with me stay with the word Durable.
* If love each other then forced return the heart come back.
Please tell thing that you want.
If you think that we are not, Do not live for people's word care
If end the trip of the love. So two of us would have to break up.
** Wait for an answer you kept.
When you are ready to go please explain to me
Since when did your heart starts not love.
This all started from me. Or did you changed mind.
Since when did your heart start not love
This all started from me .... Or did you changed mind.
12/22/2553
week 4
IF CAUSE
1. If+V1,will/may/can +v1
Present, real/possible
- If I don't understand translation2 course thorughtly,, I may fail it.
- If she comes, I will go there.
- If you study hard, you will pass an exam.
- If it does't rain this afternoon, I will go to the Ocean.
•If you heat water, it boils.
•If you get here before seven, we can catch the early train.
•I can’t drink alcohol if I have to drive.
2. If+v2,would/could/might+v1
present/unreal/impossible
- Nobody told me that you were in hospital. If I had know,I would have visited you.
•If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
•If he is late, we will have to the meeting without him.
•I won’t go outside if the weather is cold.
•If I have time, I will help you.
•If you eat too much, you will get fat
3. If had + v3, would,should, could, might+v3
past, unreal/impossible
• If I knew her name, I would tell you.
• She would be safer if she had a car.
• It would be nice if you helped me do the housework.
• If I were you, I would call her.
• If I were you, I would not say that.
1. If+V1,will/may/can +v1
Present, real/possible
- If I don't understand translation2 course thorughtly,, I may fail it.
- If she comes, I will go there.
- If you study hard, you will pass an exam.
- If it does't rain this afternoon, I will go to the Ocean.
•If you heat water, it boils.
•If you get here before seven, we can catch the early train.
•I can’t drink alcohol if I have to drive.
2. If+v2,would/could/might+v1
present/unreal/impossible
- Nobody told me that you were in hospital. If I had know,I would have visited you.
•If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
•If he is late, we will have to the meeting without him.
•I won’t go outside if the weather is cold.
•If I have time, I will help you.
•If you eat too much, you will get fat
3. If had + v3, would,should, could, might+v3
past, unreal/impossible
• If I knew her name, I would tell you.
• She would be safer if she had a car.
• It would be nice if you helped me do the housework.
• If I were you, I would call her.
• If I were you, I would not say that.
week 3
Progressive aspect
Definition
Progressive aspect is a continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.
Example (English)
• The be + -ing construction indicates progressive aspect. Its characteristic of expressing processes rather than states can be seen in the following examples:
• Fred is silly.
• Fred is being silly.
The first example is stative; the second is processual and paraphrasable as "Fred is acting in a silly manner."
The progressive, or continuous, aspect is formed with the auxiliary verb 'to be' + - ing, the present participle. It shows that an action or state, past, present, or future, was, is or will be unfinished at the time referred to:
I'm reading Nelson Mandela's autobiography. (action unfinished now)
She was having a shower when the phone rang. (action unfinished at the time the phone rang)
The perfective aspect (abbreviated PFV), sometimes called the aoristic aspect,[1] is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed as a simple whole, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future. The perfective aspect is equivalent to the aspectual component of past perfective forms variously called "aorist", "preterite", and "simple past". Although the essence of the perfective is an event seen as a whole, a unit without internal structure, most languages which have a perfective use it for various similar semantic roles, such as momentary events and the onsets or completions of events, all of which are single points in time and thus have no internal structure. Other languages instead have separate momentane, inchoative, or cessative aspects for those roles, with or without a general perfective.
The perfective aspect is distinguished from the imperfective aspect, which presents an event as having internal structure (such as ongoing or habitual actions), and from the prospective aspect, which describes impending action.
Definition
Progressive aspect is a continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.
Example (English)
• The be + -ing construction indicates progressive aspect. Its characteristic of expressing processes rather than states can be seen in the following examples:
• Fred is silly.
• Fred is being silly.
The first example is stative; the second is processual and paraphrasable as "Fred is acting in a silly manner."
The progressive, or continuous, aspect is formed with the auxiliary verb 'to be' + - ing, the present participle. It shows that an action or state, past, present, or future, was, is or will be unfinished at the time referred to:
I'm reading Nelson Mandela's autobiography. (action unfinished now)
She was having a shower when the phone rang. (action unfinished at the time the phone rang)
The perfective aspect (abbreviated PFV), sometimes called the aoristic aspect,[1] is a grammatical aspect used to describe a situation viewed as a simple whole, whether that situation occurs in the past, present, or future. The perfective aspect is equivalent to the aspectual component of past perfective forms variously called "aorist", "preterite", and "simple past". Although the essence of the perfective is an event seen as a whole, a unit without internal structure, most languages which have a perfective use it for various similar semantic roles, such as momentary events and the onsets or completions of events, all of which are single points in time and thus have no internal structure. Other languages instead have separate momentane, inchoative, or cessative aspects for those roles, with or without a general perfective.
The perfective aspect is distinguished from the imperfective aspect, which presents an event as having internal structure (such as ongoing or habitual actions), and from the prospective aspect, which describes impending action.
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