week 13

Week 13

Structure

This week we have learned about the structure: noun phrase, determiner, etc. We have to use critical thinking to understand the many sentences. That the sentence should be how to use correct and appropriate. Which everyone have to exactly with grammatical because of the Thai Translation into English need skills of all together so it makes a perfect translation.

Det. opinion size shape condition age color origin N

An ugly big rand chipped old blue French vase

Noun phrase

· My mother is a teacher.

· The government has planned to dissolve the parliament.

· The palace was built in 1912.

· That house looks so big.

Modifiers

· My brother really likes the thick colorful fairy tale book with lots of beautiful pictures that mom bought him.

week 13 out class

Determiners are words that are used with nouns to clarify the noun. They can clarify:

§ to define something or someone

§ to state the amount of people, things or other nouns

§ to state possessives

§ to state something or someone is specific

There are about 50 different determiners in the English language they include:

§ Articles: a, an, the

§ Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, which etc.

§ Possessives: my, your, our, their, his, hers, whose, my friend's, our friends', etc.

§ Quantifiers:few, a few, many, much, each, every, some, any etc.

§ Numbers: one, two, three, twenty, forty

§ Ordinals: first, second, 1st 2nd, 3rd, last, next, etc.

Adjectives คำคุณศัพท์

Descriptive adjectives Demonstrative adjectives Proper Adjectives Numeral Adjectives Possessive Adjectives Quantitative Adjectives คำคุณศัพท์คือคำที่ทำหน้าที่ขยายคำนามหรือคำสรรพนาม ที่สำคัญมีดังนี้ Descriptive adjectives คือคำคุณศัพท์ที่บอกลักษณะ คุณภาพ ขนาด สี รูปร่าง ของคำนามที่มันประกอบเช่น beautiful สวยงาม ugly ขี้เหล่ new ใหม่ old เก่า big ใหญ่ small เล็ก clean สะอาด dirty สกปรก good ดี bad เลว She is beatiful. Daeng's room is dirty. Tammy is a good tennis player. 1. การเรียงลำดับคำคุณศัพท์ที่มีอยู่ในประโยคเรียงได้ตามนี้ คำคุณศัพท์ที่บอกสี ที่มา(มาจากไหน) วัสดุ(ทำจากอะไร) จุดประสงค์(เพื่ออะไร) คำนาม blue American leather sport shoes red Thai silk business tie 2. ถ้ามีคำคุณศัพท์ที่บอกขนาด ความสูง ความยาวจะวางไว้ข้างหน้าจากข้อหนึ่ง a small blue car a thick glass bottle 3. ถ้ามีคำว่า first, last และ next จะวางไว้หน้าจำนวนนับ the first two weeks the next three men Demonstrative adjectives คือคุณศัพท์ชี้เฉพาะได้แก่ This, That, These, Those This ใช้กับคำนามเอกพจน์ที่อยู่ใกล้ (นี้) That ใช้กับคำนามเอกพจน์ที่อยู่ไกล (นั้น) These ใชักับคำนามพหูพจน์ที่อยู่ใกล้(เหล่านี้) Those ใชักับคำนามพหูพจน์(เหล่านั้น) This is my pen. That is my motorcycle. These books are theirs.

Noun Adjuncts (noun + noun)

In English we can put two nouns together. The first noun is used as an adjective to modify the second noun and is called a noun adjunct. The first noun is almost always singular because it follows the rule for adjectives, which do not have plural forms in English.

N₁ N₂ can mean that
a. N₁ is a kind of N₂ (a grammar book is a kind of book)
b. N₁ is an object of an implied verb (an apple tree is a tree that produces apples)

It is important to understand that N₂ is the thing and N₁ is the kind or type:
a rose bush is a bush
a wrist watch is a watch
computer paper is paper

N₁ is singular, even if the phrase is plural.

Examples:

My mother planted a rose bush in the garden.
I bought a new table lamp.
Bobby takes the school bus to school.

The school ordered fifty new grammar books.
That man makes bird cages.
Mrs. Taylor bought some new baby clothes.

We can use a number with N₁ to make a compound adjective. Since the number and noun make one unit, we use a hyphen to join them. Note that N₁ remains singular because it is being used as an adjective.

Examples:

a three-car garage
a ten-speed bicycle
a twenty-dollar bill

If we use a number to refer to the second noun (how many), we do not use a hyphen:

two grammar books
five rose bushes

We can use a number to refer to the second noun (how many) and a number with the first noun (compound adjective). In that case, there is no hyphen after the first number, but the second number is still used with a hyphen because it forms a compound adjective.

two ten-dollar bills
four three-bedroom homes

Present Participle คือกริยาช่องที่ 1 เติม ing แล้วนำมาใช้เป็นครึ่งกริยาครึ่งคุณศัพท์

ได้แก่คำว่า Going, walking, eating, sleeping, coming, etc.

มีวิธีใช้present participleดังนี้.

1. เรียงตามหลัง Verb to be ทำให้ประโยคนั้นเป็น Continuous tense.

2. เรียงไว้หน้านาม เป็นคุณศัพท์ของนามนั้น.

3. เรียงตามหลังกริยา เป็นส่วนสมบูรณ์ของกริยา(มีสำเนียงแปลว่า”น่า”).

4. เรียงตามหลังกรรมเป็นคำขยายกรรมนั้น.

1.Adjective + Noun (V. ing + n)
I like to look at flying birds.
The barking dog doesn't bite.

2. Noun + V. ing
The man who is speaking there is my father.

The man speaking there is my father.

3. V. ing phrase, clause
The man saw his mother.
He ran to her.
-ทั้ง 2 ประโยคมี ประธานตัวเดียวกัน
-เหตุการณ์ต่อเนื่องหรือเป็นเหตุเป็นผลกัน
-ประโยคที่เกิดก่อนหรือที่เป็นเหตุ และเป็น active จะเปลี่ยนเป็น participle phrase นั้น คือ
Seeing his mother(phrase), he ran to her.

4. Clause, V. ing phrase
The boy went out.
He slammed the door
-ทั้ง 2 ประโยคมีประธานตัวเดียวกัน
-เหตุการณ์ทั้งสองเกิดขึ้นพร้อมกัน
-ประโยคที่ 2 เป็น active จะเปลี่ยนเป็น Participle phrase

What is a past participle?

A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding d or ed, to the base form of regular verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs.

It can be used to form a verb phrase as part of the present perfect tense.

For example:-

I have learnt English. (Learnt is part of the verb phrase 'have learnt')

It can be used to form the passive voice.

For example:-

Her hair was well brushed.

It can also be used as an adjective.

For example:-

As an adjective: He had a broken arm. (Broken is used here as an adjective.)

Here is a comprehensive list of irregular verbs.

Adverbs ส่วนมากมีแหล่งที่มาจากคำคุณศัพท์ ( adjectives ) โดยการเติมปัจจัย ( suffix ) -ly คำคุณศัพท์ตัวนั้นจะกลายเป็น คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ แต่ก็มี adverb บางคำที่มาจาก nouns โดยการเติม - ly เช่น

nouns	adverbs
day	daily	รายวัน
week	weekly	รายสัปดาห์
month	monthly	รายเดือน
year	yearly	รายปี

C. Adverbs ซึ่งมีความหมายแตกต่างออกไป เมื่อลงท้ายด้วย ly

Adverb	ความหมาย		Adverb	ความหมาย
hard	ยาก ลำบาก ( ต้องใช้ความพยายาม )		hardly	ไม่ค่อยมี ( scarcely )
high	สูง ความหมายตรงข้ามกับ "ต่ำ่"		highly	อย่างมาก ( very well )
late	สาย ช้า ตรงข้ามกับ early ( เร็ว )		lately	เมื่อเร็วๆนี้ ( recently )
near	ใกล้ ตรงข้ามกับ ไกล ( far)		nearly	เกือบจะ ( almost)
wide	กว้าง ตรงข้ามกับแคบ ( narrow)		widely	โดยทั่วไป ( commonly)

เช่น
I worked hard. เขาทำงานหนัก
I have hardly enough time to finish. เขาไม่ค่อยมีเวลาที่จะทำงานให้เสร็จ

He threw the ball high into the air. เขาโยนลูกบอลสูงขึ้นไปในอากาศ
He is highly successful in what he does. เขาได้รับความสำเร็จอย่างมากในสิ่งที่เขาทำ

The class began late. ชั้นเรียนเริ่มต้นช้า
The weather has been cold lately. อากาศเริ่มต้นหนาวเมื่อเร็วๆนี้

I opened the door wide. ฉันเปิดประตูให้กว้าง
That theory is widely believed. ทฤษฎีนั้นเป็นที่เชื่อถือกันโดยทั่วไป

การใช้ to infinitive

การใช้ to infinitive และหน้าที่ของ to infinitive ในทางไวยากรณ์

เราสามารถใช้ to infinitive ในรูปของการกระทำที่กำลังดำเนินอยู่อย่างต่อเนื่อง(continuous), รูปของการกระทำที่สำเร็จสมบูรณ์ (perfect) และรูปของกรรมวาจก (passive) ได้ เช่น

• Joe seems to like his course. (รูป to infinitive)
• He seems to be settling in well. (to infinitive ในรูป continuous )
• He seems to have made a lot of friends. (to infinitive ในรูปของ perfect)

เช่นเดียวกับ Gerund กล่าวคือ รูปกริยา to infinitive ในทางไวยากรณ์ เราใช้ทำหน้าที่ได้หลายอย่างดังนี้:

1. เป็นกรรมของกริยา เช่น

• I want to win.
• We intend to complain.

2. เป็นประธานของกริยา เช่น

• To fail now would be very frustrating.
• To tell the truth can be very difficult.

3. เป็นส่วนเติมเต็ม (complement)โดยวางไว้หลัง linking verb เช่น

• To understand is to forgive.
• The purpose of this valve is to control the flow.
• My plan is to spend two nights in Taipei.
• The idea is to meet at 6.30 for dinner.

เราจะใช้รูปกริยา to infinitive เมื่อไหร่?

คำตอบคือ เราสามารถใช้ to infinitive ตามหลัง verbs ต่างๆมากมายหลายคำ เช่น

• David and I agreed to meet at 4 o'clock.
• I'll arrange to see the dentist straight away.
• I hope to go university.
• I managed to repair the lock.

คำกริยาวิเศษณ์ (adverb) + to infinitive เช่น

• Cheerio - I'm off to visit Peter.
• Dad was about to serve lunch.
• Sam is out to get the top job. (=He's determined to get it)

noun + to infinitive เช่น

• I've no desire to be famous.
• I felt an inclination to hit him.
• We respected Dad's wish to be barried in his native village.
• Kate had no ambition to travel the world.
• There's no need to apologize.

คำนาม + กริยา to infinitive เช่น

• I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport.
• Here's a pill to help you sleep.
• We employed a guide to lead us up the mountain.
• Have you got a video to keep the children quiet?

คำสรรพนามที่ไม่ชี้เฉพาะเจาะจง (indefinite pronouns) และคำบอกปริมาณที่ไม่ชี้เฉพาะเจาะจง (indifinite quantifiers) ถูกใช้บ่อยๆกับรูปกริยา to infinitive เพื่อแสดงความรู้สึกถึงวัตถุประสงค์ (expressing purpose) เช่น

• Have you all got something to eat?
• I've got nothing to wear.
• Isn't there anything else to watch?

โครงสร้างที่มีรูปกริยา to infinitive มักจะขึ้นต้นประโยคด้วยรูปประโยคคือ It is, It was เป็นต้น ตามด้วย คำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) หรือคำนาม (noun)

(It is (หรือ was, เป็นต้น) + adjective หรือ noun + to infinitive)

• It's silly to argue.
• It was kind of you to visit my mother.
• It was stupid of me not to note the time.

บทบาทของคำบุพบท for เมื่อใช้กับ to infinitive

• I've arranged for the furniture to go into storage.
• I asked for the date to be changed.

โครงสร้างเดียวกันนี้ตามด้วยคำนาม หรือ คำคุณศัพท์บางคำ เช่น

• The idea is for everyone to stay at our house.
• It's a great opportunity for us to meet the students.
• Isn't it time for us to leave?
• It's ridiculous for us all to squeeze into one car.

รูป be + to infinitive ใช้ในประโยคคำสั่งที่หนักแน่นเด็ดขาด หรืออ้างถึงแผนการที่ได้ดำเนินการเรียบร้อยแล้ว เช่น

• You are to stop writing immediately.
• You are to be back before midnight.
• You are to apologize to your mother for your rudeness.
• We are to report to headquarters at eight o'clock.

The Infinitive Phrase

Recognize an infinitive phrase when you see one.

An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. Here are some examples:

To smash a spider

To kick the ball past the dazed goalie

To lick the grease from his shiny fingers despite the disapproving glances of his girlfriend Gloria

Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples:

To finish her shift without spilling another pizza into a customer's lap is Michelle's only goal tonight.

To finish her shift without spilling another pizza into a customer's lap functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.

Lakesha hopes to win the approval of her mother by switching her major from fine arts to pre-med.

To win the approval of her mother functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb hopes.

The best way to survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures is a sharp pencil to stab in your thigh if you catch yourself drifting off.

To survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures functions as an adjective because it modifies way.

Kelvin, an aspiring comic book artist, is taking Anatomy and Physiology this semester to understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body.

To understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body functions as an adverb because it why Kelvin is taking the class.

Punctuate an infinitive phrase correctly.

When an infinitive phrase introduces a main clause, separate the two sentence components with a comma. The pattern looks like this:

Read this example:

To avoid burning another bag of popcorn, Brendan pressed his nose against the microwave door, sniffing suspiciously with every breath.

Here is an example:

Those basketball shoes, to be perfectly honest, do not complement the suit you are planning to wear to the interview.

When an infinitive phrase concludes a main clause, you need no punctuation to connect the two sentence parts. The pattern looks like this:

Janice and her friends went to the mall to flirt with the cute guys who congregate at the food court.

The Function Of Phrases

A phrase may function as a verb, noun, an adverb, or an adjective.

Verb Phrases

A verb phrase consists of a verb, its direct and/or indirect objects, and any adverb, adverb phrases, or adverb clauses which happen to modify it. The predicate of a clause or sentence is always a verb phrase:

Corinne is trying to decide whether she wants to go to medical school or to go to law school.

He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for; therefore, he decided to make something else.

After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.

We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.

Noun Phrases

A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, adjective clauses, and other nouns in the possessive case.

Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following examples:

subject

Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

object of a verb

To read quickly and accurately is Eugene's goal.

object of a preposition

The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring breakup.

subject complement

Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.

object complement

I consider Loki my favorite cat.

Noun Phrases using Verbals

(by David Megginson)

Since some verbals -- in particular, the gerund and the infinitive -- can act as nouns, these also can form the nucleus of a noun phrase:

Ice fishing is a popular winter pass-time.

However, since verbals are formed from verbs, they can also take direct objects and can be modified by adverbs. A gerund phrase or infinitive phrase, then, is a noun phrase consisting of a verbal, its modifiers (both adjectives and adverbs), and its objects:

Running a marathon in the Summer is thirsty work.

I am planning to buy a house next month.

Adjective Phrases

An adjective phrase is any phrase which modifies a noun or pronoun. You often construct adjective phrases using participles or prepositions together with their objects:

I was driven mad by the sound of my neighbour's constant piano practising.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "of my neighbour's constant piano practising" acts as an adjective modifying the noun "sound."

My father-in-law locked his keys in the trunk of a borrowed car.

Similarly in this sentence, the prepositional phrase "of a borrowed car" acts as an adjective modifying the noun "trunk."

We saw Peter dashing across the quadrangle.

Here the participle phrase "dashing across the quadrangle" acts as an adjective describing the proper noun "Peter."

We picked up the records broken in the scuffle.

In this sentence, the participle phrase "broken in the scuffle" modifies the noun phrase "the records."

Adverb Phrases

A prepositional phrase can also be an adverb phrase, functioning as an adverb, as in the following sentences.

She bought some spinach when she went to the corner store.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "to the corner store" acts as an adverb modifying the verb "went."

Lightning flashed brightly in the night sky.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "in the night sky" functions as a adverb modifying the verb "flashed."

In early October, Giselle planted twenty tulip bulbs; unfortunately, squirrels ate the bulbs and none bloomed.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "in early October" acts as an adverb modifying the entire sentence.

We will meet at the library at 3:30 P.M.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "at 3:30 P.M." acts as an adverb modifying the verb phrase "will meet."

The dogs were capering about the clown's feet.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase "about the clown's feet" acts as an adverb modifying the verb phrase "were capering."

Prepositional Phrase?

In simplest terms, prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and an object of a preposition. Prepositions are indeclinable words that introduce the object of a prepositional phrase. Indeclinable words are words that have only one possible form. For example, below is a preposition, but belows or belowing are not possible forms of below.

The noun phrase or pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of the preposition. For example, behind the couch is a prepositional phrase where behind is the preposition and the noun phrase the couch acts as the object of the preposition. Sometimes adjectives are used to further modify the object of the preposition, as in behind the big old smelly green couch.

Formal Functions of Prepositions

Prepositions perform three formal functions in sentences. They can act as an adjective modifying a noun, as an adverb modifying a verb, or as a nominal when used in conjunction with the verb form to be.

Prepositions Functioning as Adjectives

In the following sentences, prepositional phrases perform the function of modifying the nouns boat, pen, and car:

Look at the boat with the blue sail. Please hand me the pen next to the telephone. Park the car beside the fence.

Prepositions Functioning as Adverbs

In these examples, notice how the prepositional phrases perform adverbial functions by modifying the verbs after, stalled, and won:

The coyote runs after the rabbit. The car stalled despite the tune-up. The team won without the starting quarterback.

Prepositions Functioning as Nominals

In English, sometimes words function as nouns but aren't themselves nouns. These words are called nominals. Prepositions sometimes perform this important function in sentences when they are used in conjunction with the verb to be. For example:

The park is next to the hospital. The student is between an A and a B. The fight scene is before the second act.

Semantic Properties of Prepositions

In semantic terms, the preposition functions to illustrate a logical, temporal, or spatial relationship between the object of the prepositional phrase and the other components of the sentence. Consider the following examples:

The dog is asleep on his bed.

In this example, the prepositional phrase on his bed indicates a spatial relationship between the subject dog and the object bed. If the preposition on was replaced with under or beneath the spatial relationship would be altered.

The town hasn't been the same since the war.

In this sentence, the prepositional phrase since the war indicates a temporal relationship between the verb phrase hasn't been the same and the object war.

The family survived despite the accident.

he prepositional phrase despite the accident in this sentence indicates a logical relationship between the survival of the family and the accident.

List of Common Prepositions

The following table lists the most commonly used prepositions in English.

• about
• above
• across
• after
• against
• along
• among
• around
• at
• before
• behind
• below
• beneath
• beside
• between
• beyond
• but
• by
• despite
• down
• during
• except
• for
• from
• in
• inside
• into
• like
• near
• off
• of
• on
• onto
• out
• outside
• over
• past
• since
• through
• throughout
• till
• to
• toward
• under
• underneath
• until
• up
• upon
• with
• within
• without